Extraction of platinum group metals from catalytic converters

Abstract

Platinum group metals (PGMs) assume an important role within the chemistry and chemical engineering due to their exceptional chemical stability in high temperatures and various environmental conditions. Their unique attributes make them highly demanded materials across an array of industries. Nevertheless, the gradual depletion of PGM reserves underscores necessitates of recycling PGM-containing waste as a means to ensure the reasonable utilization of resources. Recycling of catalytic waste, in particular, presents a more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable approach acquiring these metals, in contrast to the conventional practice of mining from natural ores. Of particular importance are spent automotive catalysts, which represent a valuable source of platinum group metals, featuring substantially higher PGM concentrations than their naturally occurring counterparts. Conventionally, the recovering of PGMs from waste materials predominantly employs hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes. Unfortunately, these established techniques entail the utilization of potent oxidizing acidic solutions, including aqua regia and hydrochloric acid with chlorine gas, which exert adverse ecological consequences. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the development of alternative methodologies that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable for the recovery of PGMs from spent catalysts. Notable among these emerging techniques are solvometallurgy, molecular recognition technology, and magnetic separation. This comprehensive review endeavors to study and assess the latest advancements in the recovery of platinum group metals from spent catalysts, meticulously evaluating their respective advantages and disadvantages. Through an analysis, this review aspires to identify the most promising method - one that combines environmental friendliness and economic feasibility.