Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are networks of thousands of nodes installed in a defined
physical environment to sense and monitor its state condition. The viability of such a network is
directly dependent and limited by the power of batteries supplying the nodes of these networks,
which represents a disadvantage of such a network. To improve and extend the life of WSNs, scientists
around the world regularly develop various routing protocols that minimize and optimize the energy
consumption of sensor network nodes. This article, introduces a new heterogeneous-aware routing
protocol well known as Extended Z-SEP Routing Protocol with Hierarchical Clustering Approach
for Wireless Heterogeneous Sensor Network or EZ-SEP, where the connection of nodes to a base
station (BS) is done via a hybrid method, i.e., a certain amount of nodes communicate with the base
station directly, while the remaining ones form a cluster to transfer data. Parameters of the field
are unknown, and the field is partitioned into zones depending on the node energy. We reviewed
the Z-SEP protocol concerning the election of the cluster head (CH) and its communication with BS
and presented a novel extended mechanism for the selection of the CH based on remaining residual
energy. In addition, EZ-SEP is weighted up using various estimation schemes such as base station
repositioning, altering the field density, and variable nodes energy for comparison with the previous
parent algorithm. EZ-SEP was executed and compared to routing protocols such as Z-SEP, SEP,
and LEACH. The proposed algorithm performed using the MATLAB R2016b simulator. Simulation
results show that our proposed extended version performs better than Z-SEP in the stability period
due to an increase in the number of active nodes by 48%, in efficiency of network by the high packet
delivery coefficient by 16% and optimizes the average power consumption compared to by 34.
