Abstract:
The study examined the intricate relationships between embankment slope configurations,
toe drain designs, and drawdown scenarios. It utilized a unique combination of numerical, physical,
and mathematical models. The investigation involved 16 numerical models and 8 physical models
with distinct characteristics. The research explored the correlations of key parameters: matric suction,
horizontal water conductivity, time, and factor of safety. The factor of safety values varied from
0.62 to 1.03 as a result of the different investigated combinations. For instance, a 1:2 embankment
slope without a toe drain under instantaneous drawdown led to the factor of safety values ranging
from 1.22 to 1.57. Additionally, incorporating elements like a 30 m toe drain and a 1 m per day
drawdown rate influenced these values, with extremes recorded from 1.337 to 2.21, shedding light on
embankment stability under diverse conditions and configurations. When subjected to a 1 m per day
drawdown, water flow rates decreased significantly at the upstream face and increased downstream,
accompanied by an increase in water mass flux at the upstream face and a decrease at the downstream
toe, suggesting dynamic changes in water behavior in response to drawdown. Moreover, the findings
unveiled significant correlations between matric suction and time (correlation coefficient of 0.950)
and factor of safety and water conductivity (correlation coefficient of 0.750). Conversely, a distinct
negative correlation emerged between matric suction and factor of safety (correlation coefficient
of −0.864). The study’s distinctive insights contribute to our understanding of seepage behavior
and dam stability across varied scenarios, offering valuable input for resilient dam construction
approaches that will ensure the longevity and effectiveness of these essential structures.
