Abstract:
. Introduction. Nomads once maximally incorporated into nature and surrounding landscapes
had tended to retain their identity through the pastoral way of life, way of thinking, and mentality.
The gradual — though further accelerated — emergence of the new development logic set forth by
the Russian Empire made the Kazakhs develop new adaptation mechanisms for survival and selfrealization in the suggested circumstances. Goals. The article analyzes a variety of sources, works and
studies characterizing existential specifics of nomadic economic patterns — to examine the shaping
of new life strategies adopted by Kazakh nomads across the frontier zone in the 19th and early 20th
centuries. Materials and methods. The analyzed materials include those contained in Collection
175 of the State Archive of Orenburg Oblast, Interim Provisions on Governance in Steppe Areas of
Orenburg and West Siberian Governorates-General, and Materials on Kirghiz Land Use published
between 1896 and 1915. Besides, a number of Kazakh literary works that serve as unique historical
sources have been considered. Results. The critical approach to different historical sources makes it
possible to compare factual materials and reconstruct the transformation and changes in self-identity
and outlooks of ex-nomads. At the turn of the 20th century, Kazakh elites were trying to answer
the traditional questions of the intelligentsia: Who is to blame and what is to be done? Then and
there it was urgent to decide on further prospects of life — whether to preserve nomadism or to
seek for other forms of semi-nomadic life, or gradually get sedentarized at all. Conclusions. The
Russian Government did not interfere with the nomads’ land use practices, and tended to solve land
matters of exclusively plowmen’s communities. In these conditions, the nomadic Kazakhs were left
to themselves. As a result, they had to develop new daily practices. Having lost their traditional
lifestyle, the Kazakhs still succeeded in preserving their national distinctness in terms of language,
oral folklore, genealogies, rituals, etc. The specificity of the frontier zone manifested itself in that Kazakh nomads were actively involved in daily life transformations and developed a habit of turning
to local authorities for support (rather than relying on their own resources only) to defend lands from
competing peasant immigrants.
